Glossary

2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic drug. This means it , it can affect all the senses, alteringand alter a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions. Psychedelics can cause a person to hallucinate, and see and hear things that feel real, but are often not there or distortedseeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted.¹

Abstinence

Refraining from drug use; having no drugs in your system.

Addiction

Medical term used to describe a condition where someone continues to engage in a behaviour despite experiencing negative consequences.² When someone is experiencing addiction to a drug, they may experience both physical and psychological forms of addiction.³ Physical dependence occurs when a person’s body adapts to drug use and functioning with a drug in their system. Psychological dependence is characterised by feeling the need to use a drug to function.

Adulterant

Adulterants are other substances found in illicit drugs. They are used to bulk or dilute the drug, complement or enhance the drug, or facilitate the administration.⁴

Agonist

A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor in the brain.⁵ Examples of agonists include opiates and nicotine.

See also Antagonist.

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a blood-borne virus which attacks and weakens the body's immune system, making it a target for infections and diseases.⁶

See also HIV.

Alcohol

A liquid produced by fermentation, which is the action of yeast on liquids containing sugars and starches. A depressant drug that slows down activity in the central nervous system.

Alcohol addiction

See alcoholism

Alcohol policy

The laws and regulations implemented by governments to manage the supply, distribution and consumption of alcoholic beverages.⁷

Alcoholism

A clinical syndrome characterised by very heavy alcohol consumption and continued drinking despite severe negative social and physical consequences.⁸

See also Drug dependence.

Alternative treatments

Also called alternative medicine, alternative therapies or complementary medicine. Alternative treatments may not be a part of standard medical practices. They can be used together with regular medicine or some people may use as a replacement for it. Examples include acupuncture, homeopathy, chiropractic and naturopathy.

Amphetamine

A synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system and speeds up the messages going from the brain to the body.⁹ Also known as "speed".

Amyl nitrate

Sold by prescription in tablet form and taken under the tongue as a heart medication. Can be confused with amyl nitrite ("poppers").¹⁰ See amyl nitrite for comparison.

Amyl nitrite

A substance belonging to a group of chemicals called "alkyl nitrites", sometimes used as an inhalant drug referred to as "poppers". Produces both depressant and stimulant effects on the body, but don’t belong to either drug class.¹⁴

See amyl nitrate for comparison.

Anabolic steroids

Synthetic substance derived from the male hormone, testosterone. Assist in the growth and repair of muscle. Some anabolic steroids are used to treat medical conditions and are sometimes used to enhance athletic performance and appearance.^15,16

See also Performance and image enhancing drug.

Analgesics

Drugs that reduce pain without significantly affecting perception.¹⁷

Analogue

A drug with a physical structure related to that of another drug. Although they have similar physical properties, analogues can have very different chemical and biological properties, and so can have different effects when taken.⁵

Antagonist

A substance that blocks the effects of another drug by binding with the receptor site for that drug in the brain; for example, naltrexone is an antagonist for opioids.⁶

See also Agonist.

Antidepressant

A psychoactive drug used to treat a range of mental and physical health conditions, most commonly depression. Examples include, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).¹⁸

Anxiety disorders

Disorders characterised by persistent and unpleasant feelings of fear or apprehension that significantly interfere with daily life. Examples of anxiety disorders include generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).¹⁹

AOD

An acronym of alcohol and other drugs.

Aspirin

An over-the-counter drug which can be used for managing pain, and to reduce fever or inflammation.²⁰

ATS

An acronym for ‘amphetamine-type stimulants.’ A group of drugs related to the chemical compound amphetamine, which are made in laboratories by mixing different chemical substances. These include amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA and PMA.²¹

AUDIT

An acronym for Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The AUDIT is a 10-question test developed by the World Health Organization to determine if a person's alcohol consumption may be harmful.²²

Ayahuasca

Ayahuasca is a plant-based psychedelic drug. It affects all the senses, altering a person's thinking, emotions, sense of time, and causes hallucinations.²³

Benzodiazepines

Sedatives that affect the central nervous system by slowing down the body physically, mentally and emotionally. Prescribed by doctors to treat anxiety, sleeping problems, epilepsy, alcohol withdrawal, and muscle spasms. Some people use benzodiazepines illegally to get high or to help with the ‘come down’ effects of stimulants such as amphetamines or cocaine. Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to dependence, because people develop a tolerance to their effects.²⁴

Betel nut

Also known as Areca nut is the seed of Areca palm. It is a stimulant similar to nicotine and is chewed in a similar manner to chewing tobacco.²⁵

Binge

An episode of intense (concentrated) drug use over a short period of time or continuously over a number of days or weeks. May be done with the intent of becoming intoxicated.²⁶

See also binge drinking.

Binge drinking

A colloquial term for the excessive consumption of alcohol over a short period of time with the intended effect of becoming intoxicated.²⁷

There is no scientific term for binge drinking, as the amount of alcohol consumed before intoxication varies depending on the consumer’s age, sex, body mass and prior experience with alcohol. However, the Australian guidelines recommend that adults do not consume more than 4 standard drinks on any one day and no more than 10 standard drinks a week , in order to reduce the risk of harm from alcohol.²⁸

See also: binge

Bipolar disorders

Mental health disorders characterised by recurring and extreme fluctuations in mood, from depression and sadness to elation and excitement (usually called ‘manic episodes’). There are several types of bipolar disorder.²⁹

Blood alcohol content

Measure of the amount of alcohol in a person's blood. Generally, the more alcohol a person drinks, the higher their blood alcohol content (BAC). A BAC of 0.05% (point 0 five) means that there is 0.05g of alcohol in every 100ml of blood. This is the legal limit for driving in Australia. To avoid a driving under the influence conviction your BAC must be under 0.05%.^30,31

See also Alcohol.

Blood borne virus

A virus that is carried in the blood. Blood borne viruses (BBVs) can be transmitted via activities that may involve blood transmission from one person to another, for example during sexual contact or through sharing drug injecting equipment. BBVs include hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.³²

Bong

A simple water pipe, which can be used for smoking cannabis, tobacco, or other drugs.³³

See also Cannabis.

Brief intervention

A treatment strategy involving short, structured therapy, which primarily aims to assist an individual to stop or reduce their drug use.³⁴

Buprenorphine

A synthetic prescription medication that is used as a replacement in the treatment of heroin and methadone dependence. Assists in managing withdrawal symptoms, providing some stability for people who are looking to reduce the harms associated with heroin or methadone dependence.

It has been used for the short-term treatment of moderate to severe pain. Withdrawal from buprenorphine is milder and the overdose risk is lower than with other opioid agonists.

There are several formulations of buprenorphine available in Australia including a sublingual (placed under the tongue) film, sublingual tablets, and a modified release formulation given by subcutaneous injection (injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and muscle) once a week or once a month. It is also available as an extended-release formulation given by subcutaneous injection monthly.³⁵

Butane hash oil

Butane hash oil is a method of administering/ingesting cannabis that involves the inhalation of highly concentrated tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis that can make you feel high. The concentrated form is produced through a chemical process using butane oil. Butane is used to extract the oils from the cannabis.³⁶

Caffeine

A stimulant that acts on the central nervous system to speed up the messages to and from the brain. It is a substance found in the leaves, seeds or fruit of a number of plant species, such as coffee and tea plants.³⁷

Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol, commonly known as CBD, is one of more than 100 cannabinoids (chemical substances) found in the cannabis plant. People taking CBD have reported relief from a variety of conditions, including pain.^{28, 29}

Cannabinoid

Cannabidiol, commonly known as CBD, is one of more than 100 cannabinoids (chemical substances) found in the cannabis plant. People taking CBD have reported relief from a variety of conditions, including  pain.^38,39

Cannabinoid

Cannabinoid refers to any drug that acts on the cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body, and any natural or synthetic drugs that are derived from, or related to, the cannabis plant.⁴⁰

Cannabis

A cannabinoid drug that comes from the cannabis plant.

Cannabis can look like dried leaves and flowers, sticky resin (hashish), liquid oils, solid concentrates, or be mixed into foods like brownies or gummies. These foods are generally called ‘edibles’.^41-43

The main psychoactive cannabinoid in the cannabis plant is THC (delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is the component/ingredient in cannabis that makes you feel ‘high’.

CBD (cannabidiol) is another common cannabinoid present in cannabis, it doesn’t make you feel ‘high’, but may help reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and cause drowsiness.^44-46

Chroming

The practice of inhaling vapours from volatile substances in order to get high. There are multiple modes of administration for inhaling vapours.⁴⁷

See also Inhalant.

Cocaine

Cocaine comes from the leaves of the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), native to South America. The leaf extract is processed to produce three different forms of cocaine:

• Cocaine hydrochloride: a fine white powder with a bitter, numbing taste. Cocaine hydrochloride is often mixed, or ‘cut’, with other substances such as lidocaine, talcum powder or sugar to dilute it before being sold. Cocaine hydrochloride can be snorted, injected or rubbed into the gums.
• Freebase: a white powder that is a chemically altered version of cocaine. Freebase cocaine is usually smoked
• Crack: crystals ranging from white or cream to transparent with a pink or yellow hue. It may be contaminated with other substances. Crack cocaine is usually smoked.

Leaves from the coca bush can be chewed or brewed in tea. ^48-53

Codeine

Codeine comes from morphine, which is a strong pain medicine. It is a weaker type of opioid and is often mixed with other medicines such as cough products.⁵⁴

See also Morphine.

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Short-term psychotherapy that seeks to replace poor or counterproductive coping skills with positive skills. Has direct relevance to drug dependence treatment as it claims to identify and neutralise triggers for relapse. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the favoured treatment method in the drug treatment field.⁵⁵

See also Treatment.

Come-down

The "come down" is the feeling people get as the effects of a drug slowly wear off after being intoxicated.⁵⁶

Community mobilisation

Community mobilisation is the process of uniting different groups in society to respond to issues like health emergencies, social challenges, or environmental problems. It involves participation from all levels, including government bodies, non-government organisations, faith groups, businesses, and community members.⁵⁷

Comorbidity

See dual diagnosis.

Cone / Cones

A term used to describe cannabis or the act of smoking cannabis, named after the cone-shaped part of the smoking device used.⁵⁸

Cone Piece

The cone-shaped part of a cannabis smoking device. It may be home-made (for example, from foil) or bought from a tobacco shop.⁵⁸

See also Bong, Cannabis.

Controlled substance

A substance that is subject to government controls on its manufacture, sale or distribution - such as alcohol or tobacco.⁵⁹

Counselling

Counselling services incorporate face-to-face, online and telephone services for individuals and, in some instances, their families. Counselling can range from a brief intervention, single session or day program to extended periods of one-to-one engagement or group work.⁶⁰

Court diversion

An initiative to divert some people who use drugs away from courts and the criminal justice system into treatment or education programs.⁶¹

Crack

A form of cocaine, crack is in the form of crystals that range in colour from white or cream to transparent with a pink or yellow hue and is smoked. Crack may contain impurities.⁶²

See also Cocaine.

Crash

See Come-down.

Craving

Drug craving is defined as an urge or strong desire to keep taking the drug.⁶³

Crypto Market

Crypto markets are online marketplaces that facilitate the anonymous peer-to-peer sale of goods and services, including illicit substances. They are only accessible through specialised encryption software. Payments on crypto markets are made using cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.⁶⁴

See also darknet.

Crystal / Crystal meth

Crystalline methamphetamine.⁵⁸

See also Ice and Methamphetamine.

Cut

Drugs that have been mixed with one or more other substances to increase the amount being sold and boost profits for sellers.⁵⁸

Dabs/dabbing

Dabs or dabbing are slang names for the use of concentrated butane hash oil (or BHO).²⁶

Darknet

The darknet, also known as dark web, consists of networks that are not available through search engines like Google or Bing. These networks are only accessible to certain people using special software, authorisation, or settings. They include sites like academic databases and corporate systems, as well as crypto markets.⁶⁵

See also crypto market.

Decriminalisation

Decriminalisation is not the same as legalisation. It means that criminal penalties for drug use or possession are removed, either through official law (de jure) or through how the law is applied in practice (de facto).⁶⁶

Delusion

A delusion is a psychotic symptom of particular types of mental illness, such as schizophrenia. A delusion is a firmly held belief not held by others. Delusional disorders can be experienced in different forms, including persecutory, grandiose or somatic delusions.⁶⁷

Demand reduction

Demand reduction focuses on lowering the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. This includes preventing or delaying first use, reducing use in the community, and helping people recover through treatment. Examples include public education campaigns, school programs, limiting advertising, offering treatment services, and supporting social connections.⁶⁸

See also Harm minimisation, Harm reduction and Supply reduction.

Depressant

A category of drugs that slow messages between the brain and body, affecting concentration, coordination and responsiveness.⁴¹ Depressant drugs can also cause drowsiness and slowed breathing and heart rate. Depressant drugs include alcohol, benzodiazepines, GHB and Kava.

Depressive disorders

A category of drugs that slow messages between the brain and body, affecting concentration, coordination and responsiveness. Depressant drugs can also cause drowsiness and slowed breathing and heart rate. Depressant drugs include alcohol, benzodiazepines, GHB and Kava.⁶⁹

Depressive disorders

Depressive disorders, also known as unipolar depression, are mental health conditions marked by a deep and lasting sense of sadness or a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. They often come with changes in sleep, appetite, and thinking.⁷⁰

Designer drug

Designer drugs also known as new psychoactive substances, have similar chemical structures or effects to well-known drugs. They are often sold online and may not be covered by current laws. Their effects and risks can be similar to common drugs. However, some designer drugs have unique or more dangerous effects and come with their own risk profile.⁷¹

Detoxification

The process of removing drugs from the body by allowing them to metabolise over time. Often the initial stage of drug treatment. Also referred to as withdrawal.⁷²

Dexamphetamine

Dexamphetamine is medication prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder). It is classified as a stimulant drug, which means it speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and body.⁷³

See also Treatment.

Dissociative

Dissociatives (also referred to as 'dissociative anaesthetics') are a class of psychedelic drug. This class of drug is characterised by distorted sensory perceptions and feelings of disconnection or detachment from the environment and self.⁷⁴

DMT

DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) is a very strong psychedelic found in a number of animals and plants. It is structurally similar to psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and is known to produce short-acting and intense visual hallucinations.¹

Dopamine

Dopamine is a chemical messenger produced in the brain. It is involved in the brain’s reward system and helps regulate functions such as memory, movement, motivation, mood, and attention. Imbalances in dopamine levels are linked to conditions like Parkinson’s disease, restless legs syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).⁷⁵

Dose

Dose is the quantity of a drug which is required to produce the desired response in the individual. Dose measurements are used with prescribed medications, as well as the non-prescribed use of medications and illicit drugs.⁷⁶

Drink spiking

The practice of adding alcohol or another substance to a drink without the knowledge of the person who will be consuming it. The effects depend on the type and quantity of the additive used and can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, respiratory difficulties and loss of control. Drink spiking is illegal in Australia.⁷⁷

Drug

A drug is any substance that, when taken or administered into the body, has a physiological effect.

A psychoactive or psychotropic drug affects the brain and can influence a person's mood, behaviour, thinking, and perception. The effects of any drug can vary from person to person.^78-81

Drug alert

Drug alerts, also known as public drug warnings, are issued by health agencies to inform the public about higher-risk drugs circulating in local markets. These alerts also aim to encourage harm reduction behaviours among people who use drugs.⁸²

Drug checking

Drug checking, also known as called pill testing, is a harm reduction strategy that allows a person who is already in possession of a drug to get it tested to find out what the substance actually contains.⁸³

Drug court

Drug Court is a specialist court that provides an alternative to prison and focuses on treatment of substance use and related offending. To be eligible for Drug Court, the person needs to have a drug dependence and been charged with an eligible offence. For further details on eligibility and referral criteria check with your local jurisdiction.⁸⁴

Drug dependence

Drug dependence refers to the body's adaptation to a substance. This can occur without a substance use disorder. It may happen when a person relies on medication to manage long-term health conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or glaucoma. Dependence can also involve developing a tolerance to a drug, where more of the substance is needed for the same effect, and experiencing physical symptoms (withdrawal) if the person stops taking the drug.⁸⁵

See also Addiction.

Drug diversion programs

In Australia, drug diversion programs are designed to redirect people away from the criminal justice system if they have committed a minor drug offence. Instead of facing charges or penalties, individuals are referred to alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment services.

These services can include short-term options such as education sessions or assessments, as well as longer-term support like counselling or withdrawal management. Many of these programs are publicly funded and included in national AOD treatment data.⁸⁶

See also Court diversion, Treatment.

Drug induced psychosis

A form of psychosis that is brought on by the use of alcohol or other drugs, with the most common symptoms being hallucinations, disorientation and memory problems. Psychosis is where someone loses touch with reality and might have trouble telling the difference between what is real and what isn’t. Drug induced psychosis is usually short-lived but can be triggered if the same drug is used in the future.

In people who are predisposed to psychosis, longer term effects may occur with the use of particular drugs. Substances that may induce psychotic symptoms in some people can include alcohol, amphetamines (such as crystal methamphetamine), hallucinogens (such as LSD and psilocybin), cannabis, cocaine and ketamine.⁸⁷

Drug prevention

Prevention aims to reduce harm from alcohol and other drugs by addressing risks and building protective supports.

• Primary prevention focuses on stopping problems before they start by creating safe, connected, and healthy communities.
• Secondary prevention supports people who are already using substances and face higher risks, for example through services like pill testing (drug checking).
• Tertiary prevention helps people living with drug-related health issues by improving their quality of life, such as through treatment or overdose prevention.⁸⁸

Drug testing

A drug test checks a sample from the body, such as saliva, urine or blood, to see if certain drugs are present. These may include legal substances like alcohol or tobacco, medications, or illegal drugs. Drug tests are used in different settings and in different ways. They do not show how often or how much a person uses a substance.⁸⁹

Drug use

Consumption of drugs.^78-81

See drugs.

DSM

The DSM-5-TR is a guide used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health and brain-related conditions. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association and is the main reference in the United States. It is also used in Australia. The most recent version was released in 2022.⁹⁰

Dual diagnosis

Refers to a person diagnosed as having a dependency or substance use disorder in addition to some other diagnosis, usually mental illness, for example depression or schizophrenia. Also known as comorbidity.⁹¹
Also known as comorbidity.

Early intervention

Early intervention means identifying and supporting people who may be at risk of poor outcomes. It aims to prevent issues before they start or address them early, before they become more serious.

This support can include home visits for families, school programs to build emotional and social skills, or mentoring for young people. While early support in the first years of life can be important, effective help at any stage of childhood, adolescence, or adulthood can make a positive difference.⁹²

See also Treatment.

Electronic cigarette

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are devices used to heat liquids that produce a vapour, which is then inhaled – mimicking the act of smoking, also called vaping.⁹³

Ecstasy

See MDMA.

Empathogen

Empathogens increase an individual’s feeling of empathy and benevolence towards others and increase feelings of being socially accepted by and connected to others. They can increase friendliness and playfulness, but can also cause mood swings, dehydration and feelings of sadness and/or anxiety. Empathogens are sometimes referred to as entactogens. MDMA is an empathogen.⁹⁴

Ethylone

Ethylone is a synthetic cathinone, a category of drugs related to the naturally occurring khat plant. Reported effects include empathy and benevolence.⁹⁵

Euphoria

Feeling of elation or intense well-being.⁹⁶

Evaluation research

Evaluation research is a type of research that assesses whether a program or activity is achieving its intended goals. It uses standard social research methods and may also include specific techniques designed to evaluate social programs.⁹⁷

Experimental drug use

Experimental drug use is when a person tries a drug once, irregularly or in the short-term, motivated by curiosity or a desire to experience something new.⁹⁸

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is an opioid. It’s about 80 to 100 times stronger than morphine. Pharmaceutical fentanyl is used for acute or chronic pain but it is also used in illicit drugs such as heroin, usually to increase potency.⁹⁹

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

An umbrella term used to describe a range of birth defects and child developmental disorders that may occur from exposure of the foetus to alcohol. Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) includes foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).¹⁰⁰

Flashback

Some people who use LSD, psilocybin or other psychedelics, may experience flashbacks. This is when a psychedelic experience reoccurs, usually as a visual distortion.

Flashbacks can happen weeks, months or even years after the drug was last taken. While they are very rare, flashbacks can be disturbing, especially if a frightening experience or hallucination is recalled.

Flashbacks can be brought on by stress, tiredness, exercise or using other drugs. They usually last for a minute or two.^101,102

See also psychedelic.

Freebase

The process of changing a substance into an alkaloid form that can be smoked, often to produce stronger effects. A common example is converting cocaine into “crack cocaine”.⁵⁸

See also Cocaine.

GHB

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug that has a depressant effect on the brain and central nervous system. It was originally developed as an anaesthetic but was withdrawn due to unwanted side effects.¹⁰³

Half-life

The half-life of a drug is the estimated time it takes for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease by half (50%).¹⁰⁴

Hallucinogen

See psychedelics

Harm minimisation

A group of strategies designed to prevent, reduce or minimise the harms to the individual and the community relating to drug use. These strategies do not necessarily aim to stop drug use. Harm minimisation operates through three approaches: demand reduction, harm reduction and supply reduction.¹⁰⁵

See also Demand reduction, Harm reduction and Supply reduction.

Harm reduction

Aims to reduce the impact of drug-related harm within society, at an individual and community level. It includes reducing the physical and social harms associated with drug use, encompassing the prevention of disease, death, incarceration and isolation, without necessarily reducing the underlying drug use.¹⁰⁶

See also Demand reduction, Harm minimisation and Supply reduction.

Harmful use

Harmful use refers to drinking alcohol beyond the limits set by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), using prescription drugs in ways that aren’t prescribed, or using illegal substances.¹⁰⁷

Hash oil

Hash oil is a strong cannabis extract made from the cannabis plant. It contains THC, the main active ingredient in cannabis. It can be smoked, vaped, eaten, or applied to the skin. Also known as butane hash oil.¹⁰⁸

See also Cannabis.

Hash/ Hashish

A type of cannabis that comes from the resin of the plant. It can appear as solid blocks, crumbly powder, or sticky, mouldable forms. Its colour may range from light brown to black, red, yellow, or even clear.^58,109

See also Cannabis.

Health promotion

Health promotion is the process of helping people gain more information and control over their health and make choices that improve their well-being.¹¹⁰

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is liver inflammation that can be short-term or lead to serious illness such as cirrhosis (scarring) or liver cancer. It is mainly caused by hepatitis viruses but can also result from infections, use of alcohol or other drugs, or autoimmune conditions. There are five main types of hepatitis viruses - A, B, C, D, and E. Types B and C are the most serious and can cause long-term damage. A and E spread through contaminated food or water, while B, C, and D spread through contact with infected body fluids.¹¹¹

Heroin

Heroin is an opioid drug made from the opium poppy. Heroin may appear as a white powder, off-white granules, or small brown rocks. It is most often injected but can also be smoked or snorted.112

See also Opioids.

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the blood borne virus that causes AIDS. HIV can be contracted through exposure to certain bodily fluids of a HIV positive person including, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. Practising safe sex (such as using a condom or dams), using sterile injecting equipment, and antiretroviral drugs such as pre-exposure prophylaxis can reduce the risk of HIV transmission.^{113, 114}

See also AIDS.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a pharmaceutical drug that is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Ibuprofen is used to treat conditions such as mild to moderate pain and fever.⁷³

Ice

Slang name for crystal methamphetamine. It is a powerful, synthetic stimulant drug that is more potent than other forms of amphetamines. It has a higher purity than the powder form of methamphetamine (speed).¹¹⁵

See also Methamphetamine.

Illicit drug

Illicit drugs include:

• illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamine-type stimulants.
• prescription medicines that have been obtained illegally or are not being used for medicinal purposes. Examples include opioid painkillers, opioid substitution therapies, benzodiazepines, steroids, and prescription amphetamines such as dexamphetamine
• other substances that are being used inappropriately – for example, sniffing glue or inhaling paint thinner.^{78, 116}

See also licit drug (antonym).

Inhalants

Inhalants are substances which when inhaled, may cause a person to feel intoxicated. Common inhalants may include alkyl nitrites (poppers), nitrous oxide, aerosol sprays and chrome-based paint.¹¹⁷

Injecting equipment

Term used to describe items that are used to inject substances into the body. Can includes needles, syringes, spoons, filters, swabs, water and tourniquets.¹¹⁸

Intoxication

Intoxication is the condition of having reduced physical or mental control due to the effects of alcohol or other drugs.¹¹⁹

Intravenous

Within a vein.¹¹⁹

Kava

Kava is depressant drug made from the roots of the Piper methysticum plant. It has been used for centuries in Oceania for social and ceremonial purposes. More recently, it has been used in herbal medicines to help with anxiety and sleep problems.¹²⁰

Ketamine

Ketamine is a dissociative drug, which causes people to feel separated or detached from their body or physical environment. Ketamine is used medically as an anaesthetic, a treatment for mental health conditions, and for pain management.^121,122

Khat

Khat is a stimulant made from the fresh leaves of the Catha edulis shrub, found in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Chewing the leaves is a common social practice in these regions and produces mild euphoria. In rare cases, khat use has been linked to both short-term and long-term liver problems.¹²³

Kronic

A brand of synthetic cannabis.¹²⁴

See also Synthetic cannabis.

Legal high

‘Legal highs’ is an informal term used to describe substances that produce similar effects to illegal drugs but are not yet controlled by drug laws. Many of these are new psychoactive substances (NPS) made to imitate the effects of drugs like cannabis, ecstasy, or amphetamines. Although they may be legal for a time, they can still pose serious health risks.¹²⁵

See designer drugs, new psychoactive substances.

Legalisation

The process of making something legal.¹²⁶

See also Decriminalisation.

Licit drug

Licit drugs are substances that are legal to use and possess, such as alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. They also include prescription medications when used appropriately under medical supervision.¹²⁷

See also Illicit drug.

Liquid ecstasy

Another name for GHB.¹²⁸

See GHB.

LSD

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a psychedelic drug that can affect all senses. It can alter a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions The most common form are drops of LSD solution dried onto gelatine sheets, pieces of blotting paper or sugar cubes. LSD is also sometimes sold as a liquid, in a tablet or in capsules.^{101,102,129,130}

Lived and living experience

Lived or living experience refers to a person with personal experience of alcohol and other drug use and/or dependence. This experience can be in the past or present and is often a key component of peer support work.

People with lived or living experience with alcohol and other drugs have valuable knowledge to share with information and support services, and can relate to the feelings of others using services.¹³¹

Magic mushrooms

Magic mushrooms, are wild or cultivated fungi that contain psilocybin, a naturally occurring compound with psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects.¹³²

See also Shrooms.

Marijuana

Another name for the smokable flower of the cannabis plant.⁴¹

See also Cannabis.

MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)

MDA is a stimulant and psychedelic drug. MDA is closely related to MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy), and the two share a similar chemical structure. MDA can also be produced in the body when MDMA is broken down in the liver. While both drugs are similar, MDA may have longer-lasting and more intense psychedelic effects.¹³³

See MDMA, psychedelics

MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

MDMA is an empathogen, a type of drug that increases feelings of empathy and emotional connection. It is usually found as a tablet or capsule, but it can also come in powder or crystal form. Tablets often vary in colour and may be stamped with symbols or logos. MDMA is most commonly swallowed, though it can also be snorted, injected, or used rectally.

Medical cannabis

The use of cannabis or cannabinoids to treat disease or alleviate symptoms of a medical condition such as epilepsy or pain associated with cancer treatment or terminal illness. Cannabis can be prescribed in a number of forms and administered in a variety of ways. It can be a plant derived product that is vapourised. Other forms available include liquids. oils or tinctures and gels for topical application to the skin.^136-138
See also cannabis.

Medically supervised injecting rooms

Medically supervised injecting rooms (MSIR) are health settings where people can inject drugs under supervision of medical and health professionals. They provide onsite healthcare and immediate medical care if an overdose occurs.

These centres also provide access and referral to other health and social services such as housing, alcohol and other drug treatment, legal, family violence, and mental health support.

These centres are also known as overdose prevention centres and supervised injecting facilities/centres.¹³⁹

Mental health

A mental state of wellbeing in which a person can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to their community.^{140, 141}

Mental illness

A clinically diagnosable cognitive, emotional or behavioural disorder that interferes with the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.¹⁴²

Mephedrone

A powerful stimulant drug which affects mood, it is also known as 'miaow miaow', 4-methylmethcathinone or 4-MMC. It is a synthetic derivative of cathinone, a psychoactive component in khat. It may increase energy and talkativeness and feelings of empathy. Mephedrone  usually comes in  powder form and is inhaled or taken orally.¹⁴³

Mescaline

Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychedelic, often found in the Peyote cactus and San Pedro cactus.

Psychedelics can cause a person to hallucinate, and see and hear things that feel real, but are often not there or distorted. This means it can affect all the senses, and alter a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions.^{1, 144}

Methadone

Methadone is a prescription opioid used to treat opioid dependence and manage long-term or cancer-related pain. It helps reduce cravings and blocks the effects of drugs like heroin, supporting people to stabilise their lives and reduce harm. Methadone is available as a syrup, tablet, or injection. In its pure form, it is a white crystalline powder that dissolves in water. In Australia, it is most commonly taken as an oral syrup as part of methadone maintenance treatment.^{53, 102, 145-151}

See also Heroin, Opiate.

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT)

MMT is a treatment for people who are dependent on opioids such as heroin. It involves the regular use of methadone, a long-acting prescription opioid, to reduce cravings and block the effects of other opioids. This helps stabilise daily life and reduce health and social harms. In Australia, methadone is usually given as a syrup taken by mouth. Methadone may also come in tablet or injectable forms.^{53, 102, 145-150}

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant drug. It works by speeding up activity in the brain and central nervous system. Methamphetamine comes in three main forms: speed, base, and ice. These forms differ in their purity, with ice being the purest/strongest form.¹⁵²

See also Amphetamine, Ice.

Methanol

A light, volatile, flammable, and toxic liquid alcohol commonly used as a solvent, antifreeze, as well as in the synthesis of various chemicals. It can also be produced as a byproduct during ethanol distillation.¹⁵³

Methoxetamine

Methoxetamine (MXE) is a dissociative drug, which  can cause people to feel separated or detached from their body or physical environment.⁷⁴

Minimum Unit Price

A minimum unit price, also known as a ‘floor price’, sets the minimum price a ‘unit’ (standard drink) of alcohol can be sold for.¹⁵⁴

Minimum unit pricing is measure with the aim to reduce alcohol-related harm.

Morphine

Morphine is an opioid drug used to relieve moderate to severe pain, including pain that does not respond well to other treatments. It works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and nervous system, called mu-opioid receptors, which helps block the feeling of pain. Morphine can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management.¹⁵⁵

Motivational interviewing

A counselling and assessment technique. It uses a non-confrontational approach to elicit and reinforce someone’s own positive and self-motivated statements, problem solving, and desire or capacity for behaviour change. It may be used in alcohol and other drug counselling.¹⁵⁶

Naloxone

Naloxone (also known as Narcan®, Prenoxad® and Nyxoid®) is an opioid antagonist that is effective in reversing opioid overdose. It is available as an intramuscular injection or intranasal spray. Naloxone has no potential for recreational or non-prescription use, as it has no psychoactive effect, and no effect in the absence of opioids.¹⁵⁷

A narcotic drug is a term that has been used to describe strong pain-relieving drugs, especially opioids. These drugs affect the brain and body to reduce pain and can also cause drowsiness, relaxation, or euphoria. Today, the term "opioid" is more commonly and accurately used.160 See also Antagonist.

Naltrexone

A prescription drug that antagonises the effects of opioid drugs. It is prescribed to help people maintain abstinence after they have withdrawn (detoxified) from heroin or other opioids. Naltrexone is also used in the management of abstaining from alcohol, after withdrawal symptoms have reduced.^{158, 159}

See also Antagonist, Opioid.

Narcotic drug

A narcotic drug is a term that has been used to describe strong pain-relieving drugs, especially opioids. These drugs affect the brain and body to reduce pain and can also cause drowsiness, relaxation, or euphoria. Today, the term "opioid" is more commonly and accurately used.¹⁶⁰

See Opioids

NBOMes

NBOMes (N-methoxybenzyl) are synthetic psychedelics. There are several different NBOMes, including 25B-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe. While they belong to the same drug type, their chemical structures have differences.¹⁶¹

Needle and Syringe Programs (NSPs)

NSPs are public health services that provide sterile injecting equipment to people who use drugs. Their main aim is to reduce the spread of blood-borne viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B and C. NSPs also offer harm reduction information, health advice, and referrals to support services. By providing sterile equipment and safe disposal options, NSPs help protect both individuals and the wider community from preventable infections.¹⁶²

See also Harm reduction

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

Neonatal abstinence syndrome, also called neonatal withdrawal syndrome, occurs when babies are exposed to drugs in the womb before birth, resulting in withdrawal symptoms after delivery. While it most often involves opioids like heroin or opioid medications such as methadone, it can also be caused by exposure to other types of drugs.¹⁶³

New psychoactive substances

New psychoactive substances, also known as designer drugs, have similar chemical structures or effects to well-known drugs. They are often sold online and may not be covered by current laws. Their effects and risks are usually similar to common drugs. However, some NPSs have unique or more dangerous effects and come with their own risk profiles.⁷¹

Nicotine

The main psychoactive substance in tobacco. People who use tobacco can develop a tolerance and become physically dependent on nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant drug and is usually found in products like cigarettes, cigars, electronic cigarettes and chewing tobacco.¹⁶⁴

Nicotine pouches

Nicotine pouches are smokeless, spitless products made with nicotine, flavourings, and other ingredients. Designed to be placed in the mouth like chewing tobacco or snus, they do not contain tobacco leaves, and instead use plant-based fillers. In Australia, the sale or advertisement of nicotine pouches is unlawful, as they have not received approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).^{165, 166}

Nitazenes

Nitazenes are strong synthetic opioids. Opioids include any drug that acts on opioid receptors in the brain, and any natural or synthetic drugs that are derived from, or related to, the opium poppy.

Nitazenes are a potent opioid and can cause overdose and death. Naloxone can be administered in the event of an opioid overdose.^167,168

Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas that is commonly used for sedation and pain relief, but is also used by people to feel intoxicated or high. Also called ‘nangs’.¹⁶⁹

Non-medical use

Non-medical use refers to the use of medical drugs either alone or with other substances to create or enhance an experience, improve performance, or for cosmetic reasons. This includes substances such as painkillers, tranquillisers, sleeping pills, steroids, amphetamines, and opioids like morphine. It also refers to the use of prescription or over-the-counter medicines for non-therapeutic purposes or in ways not directed by a registered health professional.¹⁷⁰

Non-residential services

Non-residential services are community based. This means that you are not required to live in a facility or hospital for the duration of your treatment. Non-residential services are delivered through catchments where you are referred to services in your local area. Examples of non-residential services include counselling, non-residential withdrawal and therapeutic day rehabilitation.¹⁷¹

Nootropics

Nootropic also known as ‘cognitive enhancers’ are drugs that some people use in an attempt to improve memory, increase mental alertness and concentration as well as boost energy levels and wakefulness.⁷³

NSP

An acronym for needle and syringe program. A public health measure, consistent with the principles of harm minimisation, to reduce the spread of infections, such as HIV and hepatitis C, among people who inject drugs. NSPs provide sterile injecting equipment, education on reducing drug use, health information, and referral to drug treatment, medical care, legal and social services. Programs do not supply drugs or allow people to inject drugs on the premises.¹⁶²

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterised by unwanted and excessive recurring thoughts, urges or images (obsessions) or repetitive behaviours (compulsions) that interfere with daily life.¹⁰

Opiates

Opiates are a subset of opioids, which are naturally derived from the opium poppy plant, rather than synthetic substances. They have the ability to induce analgesia, euphoria, and, in higher doses, stupor, coma, and respiratory depression. The term opiate excludes synthetic opioids such as heroin and methadone.¹⁷²

Opioid

Opioids include any drug that acts on opioid receptors in the brain, and any natural or synthetic drugs that are derived from or related to the opium poppy. Opioid substances have the capacity to relieve pain and produce a sense of well-being (euphoria). Heroin, methadone, codeine, morphine and opium are opioids.¹⁷³

See also potent synthetic opioids.

Opium

The coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Contains a number of alkaloids, such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine.¹⁷³

Outreach

Engagement with individuals or groups not effectively reached through existing services or traditional health education channels, with the overall aim of improving health and reducing risk or harm.¹⁷⁴

Over-the-counter drug

Drug that can be sold or administered without a prescription.¹⁷⁵

Overdose

A toxic or lethal amount of a drug, exceeding the body's ability to cope with the drug. Results in acute adverse physical or psychological effects, including stupor, coma, respiratory depression or death. Many drugs can cause an overdose, including prescription medication.¹⁷⁶

Oxycodone

A prescription-only opioid painkilling drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. ^{177, 178}

Panic disorder

A disorder characterised by unpredictable but recurring attacks of intense fear or discomfort (panic).¹⁰

Paracetamol

Paracetamol is a pharmaceutical drug, which is used to treat a number of conditions including mild pain and fever.⁷³

PCP

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a drug that has both hallucinogenic and dissociative properties. The dissociative effects of PCP leaves users feeling removed from their body and their environment. This effect produces a trance-like state. It also has strong anaesthetic effects, which produces amnesia (memory loss) and analgesia (pain-relief). Also known as "angel dust".¹⁷⁹

Peer education

Educational programs that utilise skilled facilitators with lived experience of the issues or subject matter that they are providing training on, such as alcohol or other drug use, or mental illness.¹⁸⁰

Peer support

A system of giving and receiving help or support from people with lived experience that focuses on developing communication skills, self-confidence and self-esteem. Also known as mutual aid.¹⁸¹

Performance and image enhancing drug

A drug, such as an anabolic steroid, growth hormone, reproductive hormone or peptide, that can increase muscle strength, increase endurance, and influence body shape.¹⁵

See also Steroid.

Pharmaceutical drug

Legal, over the counter or prescription drugs available through a pharmacy for the purposes of treating medical conditions.¹⁸²

See also Over-the-counter drug.

Pharmacotherapy

‘Pharmacotherapy’ is the term used to describe the use of medication (such as methadone, buprenorphine) to assist in the treatment of opioid dependence. Pharmacotherapy does not provide a ‘high’ in the way that the drug of dependence may have, rather it works to block the effects of withdrawal or the effects of the drug on the brain. This assists someone wanting to reduce or stop their use of a drug of dependence.¹⁸³

Pill testing

Pill testing is a harm reduction strategy that allows a person who is already in possession of a drug to get it tested to find out what the substance actually contains.⁸³

See Drug checking.

PMA

Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA or PMMA) is a particularly toxic substance from the amphetamine family, often sold as ecstasy.¹⁴⁴

See also Amphetamine.

Poly drug use

Using two or more drugs at the same time. Can involve drugs with opposing effects, which may have negative effects depending on the drugs being taken.¹⁸⁴

Potency

The strength or effectiveness of a drug.¹⁸⁵

Potent synthetic opioids

Potent synthetic opioids tend to be a lot stronger than other opioids meaning people can overdose on a very small amount . Potent synthetic opioids are occasionally mixed with or substituted for heroin. They may also be intentionally added to other drugs or sold directly as synthetic opioids. Examples include fentanyl and nitazenes.¹⁸⁶

See also opioids. 

Precursors

Precursors is a general term for chemicals that are used to produce some illicit drugs such as methamphetamine. There are a number of laws that control precursors.¹⁸⁷

Prevention

Prevention refers to measures that stop or delay the uptake of alcohol or drug use and protect against progression to more frequent or regular use amongst at risk populations.¹⁸⁸

Protective factor

A protective factor refers to anything that prevents or reduces vulnerability for the development of negative or undesirable health outcomes, including injury, disease and substance dependency that has negative impacts on someone’s life.¹⁸⁹

Psychedelics

A class of psychoactive substances that produce changes in perception, mood and cognitive processes .190 Psychedelics affect all the senses, altering a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions. They can also cause a person to hallucinate—seeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted. Some common psychedelics are LSD, peyote and psylocibin mushrooms.¹⁹⁰

See also Psychoactive substance.

Psychoactive substance

A drug that affects a person's central nervous system. Psychoactive substances alter brain activity, and can change the way a person thinks, feels or behaves. Includes legal and pharmaceutical drugs.¹⁹¹

Psychosis

Any psychological condition distinguished by a loss of contact with reality. Prominent hallucinations and delusions may be associated with psychosis.¹⁰

Psychostimulant

A drug that affects the central nervous system and can produce euphoria, a sense of wellbeing, wakefulness and alertness. Prolonged use or high levels of use can cause behavioural disturbances.¹⁹²

PWID

An acronym for ‘people who inject drugs’ or ‘person who injects drugs’.¹⁹³

RBT (random breath test/ roadside breath test)

An acronym for random breath test or roadside breath test.

Drivers may be stopped at any point along any road by a police officer for a RBT to test for the presence of alcohol in a person’s system. This aim of RBT is to measure if you are impaired by alcohol at the time of driving.

Drivers will be asked to use a hand-held device that measures Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC). The test takes around 1 minute to get a result. You must be below 0.05% BAC to drive in Australia, but this could be less depending on your license.¹⁹⁴

Random roadside drug testing

Drivers may be stopped at any point along any road by a police officer to test their saliva for traces of illicit (illegal) drugs in their system.

The tests aim to determine whether there are drugs in your system, not just impairment at the time of driving. This means you can test positive, even if you consumed drugs days ago.

In a random roadside drug test, drivers are asked to place a small absorbent pad under the tongue for a few seconds, and the saliva sample is analysed roadside which takes about 3 minutes. Further tests may occur if the test is positive.¹⁹⁵

Real Time Prescription Monitoring

Real Time Prescription Monitoring is a digital system that collects and reports information on prescribing and dispensing controlled medication. Real time information can be provided to doctors and pharmacists during a consultation.¹⁹⁶

Receptor

Cell in the brain that is sensitive to a particular substance or drug. For example, the effects of heroin are experienced when the drug attaches itself to the opioid receptor in the brain.¹⁹⁷

Recovery

Recovery is the process of improved physical, psychological, and social well-being and health after a period of drug dependence.¹⁹⁸

Relapse

A recurrence of drug use after a period of abstinence or stability in treatment. Relapse is common among people who have a dependence on drugs when they are attempting to stop drug use.¹⁹⁹

See also Drug dependence, Treatment.

Residential treatment

Live-in rehabilitation or detoxification care, or a combination of both. Residential rehabilitation care varies depending on the service but does not usually provide withdrawal medication. Residential detoxification involves a short stay in a community residential drug withdrawal unit or hospital where clinical staff provide 24-hour support.²⁰⁰

Risk reduction

Policies or programs (including treatment) that focus on reducing the risk of harms associated with drug use.¹⁰⁶

See also Harm reduction, Harm minimisation.

Rohypnol

A powerful benzodiazepine that induces sleep.²⁰¹

See also Benzodiazepine.

Routes of administration

The way a substance is introduced into the body, such as oral ingestion, intravenous, inhalation, smoking, absorption through the skin, gums, rectum or genitalia.²⁰²

Rush

An immediate, intense, pleasurable effect that follows injection of certain substances (e.g. heroin, amphetamine, cocaine).²⁰³

Schizophrenia

A mental illness characterised by psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations), as well thinking difficulties and reduced motivation and emotional expression.¹⁰

Screening

Screening is a tool used by health professionals to detect alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. It identifies people who might be at risk of developing health problems, and those who are not. Screening is the first step in spotting potential issues, but it doesn’t provide a diagnosis. Instead, it guides the next steps in care by showing where more investigation is needed.²⁰⁴

Sedative

Depressant drug that acts on the central nervous system to reduce anxiety and cause calmness and sleep.²⁰⁵

Self-help group

A voluntary group dedicated to recovery from drug dependence through mutual support and people helping each other.²⁰⁶

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that has a prominent role in sleep regulation and mood. It is affected by a number of psychoactive substances. Its synaptic concentration is increased by stimulants, for example, ecstasy (MDMA). Its release is inhibited by opioid receptors.²⁰⁷

See also Opioid, Receptor.

Shrooms

See Magic Mushrooms.

Snorting

Ingesting powdered drugs through the nose.²⁰⁸

Sobering Up Centres

A sobering up centre is a health-based response to public intoxication, where people who are intoxicated can go to sober up safely under care and supervision.

These centres often provide beds, food, water, clothes, showering and laundry facilities.

Sobering up centres can help keep people safer, provide an alternative to be taken into police custody for public intoxication offences, and connection to wraparound health and social support services.²⁰⁹

Solvent

A volatile substance, such as petrol, glue and aerosols. May be used as an inhalant drug.²¹⁰

See also Inhalant.

Speed

Slang term for amphetamine or methamphetamine.¹²

Speedball

A speedball is a mixture of a stimulant and depressant/opioid. Usually cocaine and heroin taken together.²¹¹

Stages of change

Model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente to describe the stages involved in changing a behaviour or problem.²¹²

Standard drink

A drink that contains 10 grams of ethanol (pure alcohol).²¹³

See also Alcohol.

Steroid

One of a group of naturally occurring or synthetic hormones that affect the chemical processes in the body, growth and sexual and other physiological functions. Anabolic steroids are used illicitly by people with the aim of increasing strength and athletic performance.²¹⁴

Stigma

Negative perceptions or assumptions commonly associated with drug use.²¹⁵

Stimulant

A drug that acts to stimulate certain chemicals in the brain. Stimulants increase alertness, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines and nicotine.²¹⁶

Substance use disorders

A diagnosable medical condition characterised by a group of cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms that indicate continued use of a drug despite significant problems.¹⁰

Supply reduction

Policies or programs, usually involving law enforcement agencies, designed to reduce the manufacture and/or distribution of illicit drugs.²¹⁷

See also Demand reduction, Harm minimisation and Harm reduction.

Synthetic cannabis

Manufactured chemicals that aim to mimic the effects of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in cannabis. Synthetic cannabinoids are usually sold combined with herbs. Brands of synthetic cannabis include Spice and Kronic.²¹⁸

Synthetic cathinones

Synthetic cathinones are a category of stimulant drugs which are related to the naturally occurring khat plant. The effects of synthetic cathinones are similar to amphetamines. Common synthetic cathinones include Mephedrone and Methylone.²¹⁹

Synthetic drugs

See: new psychoactive substances.

THC

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive agent in cannabis.²¹⁶

See also Cannabis.

Therapeutic community

A residential environment where a person with a drug-related problem undergoes rehabilitation through abstinence and community participation. Therapeutic communities are often specifically designed for people who are dependent on drugs; they operate under strict rules, are run mainly by people who have recovered from dependence and are often geographically isolated.²²⁰

See also Drug dependence.

Therapeutic day rehabilitation

Therapeutic day rehabilitation is a non-residential treatment option that offers an intensive structured program over a period of weeks. It includes both counselling and a range of other elements designed to build life skills and promote general wellbeing, such as financial management and nutrition.⁶⁰

Tobacco

Any preparation of the dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum or Nicotiana rustica. The main psychoactive ingredient is nicotine.²¹⁶

See also Nicotine.

Tolerance

Where a person's body becomes used to a drug being present and more of the drug is needed to cause the same effect felt previously with smaller amounts.²²¹

See also Drug dependence.

Tranquilliser

A prescription-only medicine used in the treatment of anxiety. Common tranquillisers include Valium®, Mogadon®, Temazepam® and Xanax®.²²²

Trip sitting

Trip sitting is when a sober person (a trip sitter) helps look after (trip sit) someone who’s taken a psychoactive drug, usually psychedelics - for example psilocybin (magic mushrooms) or LSD.^{223, 224}

Tusi

Tusi, also known as tuci, tucibi, pink cocaine, or pink powder, is often a mixture of ketamine, MDMA, and caffeine. However, drug testing has revealed that it may also include other substances such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and new psychoactive substances (NPS).²²⁵

Twelve-step program

A widely used method of treatment, originally implemented by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) in the 1930s. The 12 steps are to be approached sequentially as a way to stop the dependent use of alcohol or other drugs.²²⁶

Urinalysis

Testing of urine for the presence of drugs or drug metabolites.²²⁷

Vaping

Vaping refers to the use of an electronic device (e-cigarette) to heat liquids that produce a vapour, which is then inhaled – mimicking the act of smoking.⁹³

See also E-cigarette.

Volatile substance

A substance that vaporizes at ambient temperatures. Some volatile substances are inhaled for psychoactive effects (also called inhalants).²²⁸

See also Inhalants.

Withdrawal

Stopping or reducing heavy or lengthy drug use. Usually accompanied by a set of symptoms ranging from mild to severe, which depend on the person and the drug they are withdrawing from.²²¹

Zero tolerance

A term commonly associated with strict policing measures, based on the belief that activities associated with illegal drugs should not be tolerated at any level. This approach emphasises the law as the main method of dealing with drugs and drug issues, rather than a public health approach.²²⁹

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