Decriminalisation in detail
It’s not a single solution
Decriminalisation is not recommended as a stand-alone policy. The Federal Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement noted that implementing decriminalisation as policy would need to happen alongside investment in treatment services. These investments need to ensure that people who use drugs have a place in treatment available for them immediately upon needing it.9
Decriminalisation removes the criminal penalties from drug use and possession so that a person who uses drugs is not, by definition, a criminal. This can help define drug use as a health and social issue, and reduce the damaging stigma attached to people who use drugs. Reducing stigma, while expanding access to treatment services, could significantly improve health outcomes for people who use drugs. However, the inherent risks of drug use will not be lessened.
Risks of drug use
There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk.
It’s important to remember that decriminalisation does not change the supply of drugs – all illegal drugs must still be sourced through the black market. This means drugs will remain of unknown strength and purity, and potentially be cut with various fillers. Also, it may not be the drug that it was sold as (e.g. a new psychoactive substance being sold as MDMA or LSD).
Additional health risks of drug use may include the risk of dependence, potential for negative mental health impacts, risk of experiencing a bad reaction, risk of overdose – including fatal overdose – as well as the risk of bloodborne viruses for people who inject drugs.
Initiatives to prevent drug use, minimise the harms associated with drug use, and provide support for people who experience dependence, are also necessary to expand or implement alongside decriminalisation.
A further issue is the concern that decriminalisation may lead to increased drug use. However, this concern has not been supported by evidence from Australia and overseas.9-11 Portugal, which decriminalised all drugs in 2001, does not have higher rates of drug use than neighbouring countries.12 One study in 2017 suggested that rates of drug use had fallen lower than the European average.13
Decriminalisation in Australia
Decriminalisation of drug use and possession is not new in Australia. South Australia (SA) was a world leader when it decriminalised cannabis in 1987, introducing an option to pay a fine instead of receiving a criminal charge.11 An analysis of cannabis use in SA between 1985 and 1993 found that the decriminalisation of cannabis did not appear to significantly increase rates of cannabis use relative to other states.11
Currently, all Australian states and territories practice some form of decriminalisation.14 Significant differences exist between the various state models – for example, the quantity of a drug considered to be for personal use versus what would be considered as a trafficable amount.15
Research centres such as the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), organisations such as the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), as well as various governmental committees, commissions, and inquiries have explored the viability of
decriminalisation as a policy in Australia. The key themes of these considerations are highlighted below.
Different models
There are two primary types of decriminalisation.14
In law (de jure)
By law, criminal penalties for possession and personal use are removed and may be replaced with civil or administrative penalties, such as a fine, or a referral to an education or treatment program. Criminal penalties may still apply if the person does not comply with the civil or administrative penalties.
As of 2019, two Australian states (Northern Territory and South Australia) have in law decriminalisation for cannabis.
One Australian state (Australian Capital Territory) has legalised cannabis possession, use and cultivation under specific circumstances.
In practice (de facto)
In practice, possession and personal use remain a criminal offence. However, police may use their discretion (e.g. be provided with police guidelines) on enforcement.
The courts may also be able to offer alternative punishments to prison if certain eligibility criteria are met by the offender. For example, a first-time offender may be referred to an education program rather than receiving a criminal conviction.
Criminal penalties may still apply if the person does not attend.
The key difference is the legal change.
De facto decriminalisation means that the law remains the same, but some cases can receive special treatment if the police exercise their discretion and/or the eligibility criteria are met.
As of 2019, all Australian states have some type of in practice (de facto) decriminalisation.
In Victoria, the possession and use of cannabis and other illicit drugs is in practice (de facto) decriminalised under the Cannabis Cautioning Scheme and the Drug Diversion Program.16 These discretionary programs are laid out in the Victorian Police Manual instead of legislation. A person can only be cautioned or diverted twice under these schemes after which they are no longer eligible.
Under the Cannabis Cautioning Scheme, a person found with less than 50 grams receives a caution and information on a free educational session they can choose to attend.16 Under the Drug Diversion Program, people with small amounts of non-cannabis illegal drugs are required to attend an assessment and a minimum of one treatment session.16
Other considerations
In exploring models for drug decriminalisation, leading researchers have pointed to four key issues for consideration. These are detailed below.17
In Australia, police rely on set quantities of drugs (a threshold quantity) to decide if the charge is for ‘personal use’ or considered ‘trafficking’. These quantities can be different depending on the state or territory, and the type of drug.15
The purpose of setting threshold quantities is to differentiate people trafficking drugs from people who use drugs, so that harsher trafficking penalties can be applied. However, leading researchers in this field have challenged their accuracy compared to how much a person who uses drugs would actually use or purchase at a given time.18
For example, in New South Wales the trafficable threshold quantity for MDMA is 0.75 grams. Regular users report using around 0.58 grams - 0.73 grams of MDMA (approximately 2 pills) in a regular session.15 Therefore, when purchasing drugs, or before a heavy session of drug use, people may exceed the threshold of 0.75 grams of MDMA with just the MDMA for their personal use.
Additionally, in all states except Queensland, trafficking thresholds are tied to ‘deemed supply’ laws – that is, a person is assumed (deemed) to be supplying drugs based solely on the quantity of a drug in their possession, even in the absence of other evidence (e.g. scales, small plastic bags for packing drugs, phone and text records).15, 18 This is misaligned with legislation in many countries internationally, where the amount of a drug can only indicate potential trafficking.18 Surrounding circumstances – such as the presence of scales or pre-packaged drugs – must also be evident to support trafficking charges.18
These laws also reverse the burden of proof onto the defendant, so they are required to prove that they are not guilty of supplying drugs.15, 18 The UK rejected deemed supply laws in part because they “would always be arbitrary and unjust to some drug users”.18
The concern is that a person who uses drugs may be wrongly convicted of trafficking and face the significantly higher penalties associated with that charge. An AIC report examines if threshold quantities work to separate people who use drugs from people who traffic drugs.15 The report looks at how much of a drug a person might use in a session, and the amount they might purchase for personal use at a given time.15 While findings were complex and varied between states, they established that under some circumstances, specifically when people were using or buying at their ‘highest doses’, many people did exceed the threshold quantities for trafficking.15
The paper further suggests that some people are at increased risk for exceeding thresholds depending on:
- the state they live in (if the threshold quantities are low)
- the type of drug they use (thresholds for cannabis are typically higher than other drugs, so people are less likely to exceed them)
- if they’re a person who regularly uses drugs
- if they’re a person who is a heavy consumer of drugs.15
These findings highlight how critical it is to establish an evidence-based approach to separating people who use drugs from people who traffic drugs. This can help ensure that a decriminalisation model doesn’t risk causing significant unintentional harm to some people who use drugs.
If a person is found possessing or using a drug, there are options for what type of response is triggered. Different responses may be appropriate depending on the circumstances, such as if it’s the first event for that individual.
Options include (but are not limited to):
- caution or warning
- fine
- community service order
- referral to:
- education program
- brief intervention
- treatment program.
When determining actions taken, it’s important to recognise the different impacts that options can have on an individual depending on their socio- economic or other situation.
For example, a fine of a few hundred dollars can be an annoyance to an affluent person, but a significant financial blow to a person living pay cheque to pay cheque.
Current drug diversion programs in Australia typically have eligibility criteria attached to them which determine who can be considered for the programs.
For instance, whether the offence in question is the first or second offence.14 It’s important to consider that people with multiple offenses may be in greatest need of support. They may be young people who have had prior engagement with the criminal justice system, or have a range of other issues.14, 19
For example, an AIC report identified that people who reoffended after being diverted for cannabis offenses are more likely to “have significantly more complex needs (i.e. they are more likely to be dependent, unemployed, less educated and have more health problems)”20 than people who didn’t reoffend.
As with determining actions taken, eligibility criteria should be considered alongside socio-economic differences. For example, a person experiencing homelessness may be more likely to be found using or possessing drugs because that use is by necessity public. That person may then have multiple offences and become ineligible for a diversion program.
Eligibility criteria can have a disproportionate impact on people with complex needs. This should be taken into account when considering potential models for decriminalisation.
If a person does not comply with the action required of them (e.g. paying a fine, attending an education session) this may trigger a further response. Currently, non-compliance in Australia might result in criminal charges.14
It’s important that the appropriateness of criminal charges is considered alongside what the person is required to do (e.g. undertake an education course). There may be barriers to compliance that aren’t immediately visible, such as socio-economic or cultural barriers.
For example, a person may be facing criminal charges because they didn’t pay their fine on time. They may have been unable to pay the fine because of their economic circumstances and will be criminally charged where an affluent person could have paid off the fine and avoided the charges.
Or a person may not have attended an educational session because they would feel culturally unsafe in that environment, and no culturally appropriate option was available.
Careful consideration of these potential barriers can avoid a disproportionate negative impact on people who may be in the most need of support.